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United Steelworkers and Kaiser Aluminum entered into a collective bargaining agreement which implemented an affirmative action program reserving jobs for black employees in an area that was almost exclusively staffed by white employees. It was argued that this agreement violated a clause (Title VII) in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 concerning racial non-discrimination (in this case, a white male). The Court ruled that this agreement did not violate the Act in that it clearly upheld the spirit of the law saying, "Congress' primary concern in enacting the prohibition against racial discrimination in Title VII was with the plight of the Negro in our economy".